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Test Bank for Brain & Behavior An Introduction to Biological Psychology, 4th Edition, Bob Garrett

Chapter 1
Multiple Choice (Correct answers delineated with *)
1. The decade of the 1990s was designated as the decade of:
a. The brain (*)
b. Behavior
c. Mind
d. Cognition
2. If someone is interested in the relationships between behavior and the body, what area of
science do they work in?
a. Psychobiology
b. Biopsychology
c. Physiological psychology
d. All of these areas are correct. (*)
3. Neuroscience is the multidisciplinary study of the ____ and its role in behavior:
a. Brain
b. Nervous system (*)
c. Mind
d. Human psyche
4. The annual costs of brain disorders and addictions in the United States is an estimated:
a. 100 trillion dollars
b. 500 billion dollars
c. 1 trillion dollars (*)
d. 5 trillion dollars
5. Psychologists use the term behavior to refer to:
a. Overt acts
b. Learning
c. Emotions
d. All of the above (*)
6. Which of the following questions would a biopsychologist be least likely to study?
a. How does the brain’s activity result in consciousness? (*)
b. What changes occur in the nervous system when a person learns?
c. How do people in different cultures view mental illness?
d. What is the physiological explanation for depression?
7. If you were able to build a time machine, and wanted to travel back to observe the first
psychology laboratory, where would you go?
a. To Charles Darwin’s office in Germany
b. To Charles Darwin’s boat in England
c. To Wilhelm Wundt’s lab in Germany (*)
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d. to Rene Descartes’ apothecary in France
8. The mind-brain question:
a. Is concerned with the nature of the mind and its relation to the brain (*)
b. Was originally posed by early neuroscientists and remains unsolved today
c. Usually involves a choice between the positions of psychology and philosophy
d. All of the other alternatives are correct.
9. The textbook author views the mind as a:
a. Spirit
b. Soul
c. Collection of things the brain does, such as planning and feeling
d. Concept (*)
10. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the materialistic monist view
of the mind-brain problem?
a. Both hemispheres of the brain work together.
b. The brain and the mind are both physical. (*)
c. Everything is made of matter and energy.
d. The body is made of matter, whereas the mind is not.
11. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the dualism view of the mindbrain
problem?
a. Both hemispheres of the brain work together.
b. The brain and the mind are both physical.
c. Everything is made of matter and energy.
d. The body is made of matter, whereas the mind is not. (*)
12. Which mind-brain view is most likely to be held by a neuroscientist?
a. Idealistic monism
b. Dualism
c. Interactionism
d. Monism (*)
13. If you say you are a dualist, you are saying you believe in:
a. The mind and the spirit
b. Only the nonmaterial
c. A mind that is separate from the brain (*)
d. The body and the brain
14. If you say you are a monist, you are saying you believe in:
a. Just the mind
b. Both the material and the nonmaterial
c. The brain and mind are composed of the same substance (*)
d. Just the spiritual
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15. Some neuroscientists:
a. Believe that evolution can’t explain all biological processes, such as brain
development
b. Believe that nonmaterial neuroscience has a better chance of explaining
consciousness than material neuroscience (*)
c. Believe that the mind changes the brain, based on the study of psychotherapy
altering the brain in patients with OCD
d. View the mind as being material
16. Which of the following philosophers debated the mind-brain question?
a. Aristotle
b. Democritus
c. Plato
d. All of the above (*)
17. A _________ is a proposed mechanism to explain how something, usually more complex
than the proposed mechanism, works.
a. assumption
b. model (*)
c. construct
d. hypothesis
18. According to Descartes, the brain controlled behavior by:
a. Directing spirit fluid through nerves, thereby inflating the muscles (*)
b. Tilting the spinal cord like a joystick
c. Bending energy from an outside light source
d. Actively directing the pineal gland to inflate and deflate
19. According to Descartes, ___ was where the mind interacted with the body.
a. the ventricles of the brain
b. the pineal gland (*)
c. fluid filled nerves and muscles
d. the pituitary gland
20. Why did Descartes choose the pineal gland as the “seat of the soul”?
a. It was in a perfect position to serve this function.
b. It was capable of bending at different angles to direct the flow of animal spirits.
c. It was attached just below the two cerebral hemispheres.
d. All of the above (*)
21. What was the major drawback of Descartes’ view of the mind-brain problem?
a. It was a theory.
b. It was not tested by empirical methods. (*)
c. It was a hydraulic model.
d. He knew how the brain worked, but not the body.
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22. Which individual was a seventeenth-century French philosopher and physiologist?
a. Rene Descartes (*)
b. Paul Broca
c. Eduard Hitzig
d. Gustav Fritsch
23. Who first observed that muscles would respond to electrical stimulation?
a. Gustav Fritsch
b. Paul Broca
c. Eduard Hitzig
d. Luigi Galvani (*)
24. Who first showed that movement would result from electrical stimulation of the brain?
a. Fritsch and Galvani
b. Broca and Helmholtz
c. Hitzig and Helmholtz
d. Fritsch and Hitzig (*)
25. Who first measured the speed of conduction in the nervous system?
a. Rene Descartes
b. Paul Broca
c. Eduard Hitzig
d. Hermann von Helmholtz (*)
26. ___ calculated the velocity of the electrical nerve impulse to be about ___.
a. Helmholtz, 90 meters/second
b. Hitzig, 90 feet/second
c. Helmholtz, 90 feet/second (*)
d. Broca, 900 feet/second
27. Which of the following statements is true about the case of Phineas Gage?
a. He did not survive the railroad accident.
b. His case supported the equipotentiality view.
c. The major damage he experienced was in the frontal lobes. (*)
d. Paul Broca was the scientist that first described Gage’s disorder.
28. Which of the following conclusions was reached from observations at autopsy on the
brain of a man who had an inability to speak?
a. Speech is not localized in a particular brain region.
b. Speech is inherited.
c. Auditory reflexes are found in the dominant hemisphere.
d. Speech is localized in the left side of the brain. (*)
29. Who first localized the speech control center in the human brain?
a. Broca (*)
b. Gage
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c. Helmholtz
d. Galvani
30. The proposition that specific brain areas control specific functions refers to:
a. Functionalism
b. Specific nerve control
c. Localization (*)
d. Neuroscience
31. Whereas phrenology claimed to precisely localize ___ in the brain, ___ argued that
virtually no functions were precisely localized.
a. equipotentialities, Gall
b. faculties, Lashley (*)
c. faculties, Spurzheim
d. motor functions, Lashley
32. Today’s research tells us that functions or characteristics are:
a. Mostly localized
b. Mostly distributed
c. Both localized and distributed (*)
d. None of the above
33. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Some genes are found in the mitochondria. (*)
b. Every body cell has 23 chromosomes.
c. Ova and sperm have paired chromosomes, XX for eggs and XY for sperm.
d. The sequences of nucleotides that make up our DNA differ among individuals by
about 10%.
34. A direct function of genes is:
a. Influencing behavior
b. Building the brain and nervous system
c. Directing the building of proteins (*)
d. Replication
35. About what percentage of the genes in any two people are identical?
a. Approximately 75%
b. 25% or less
c. Over 99% (*)
d. Approximately 50%, depending on race
36. A ___ gene will produce its effect regardless of which gene it is paired with.
a. homozygous
b. heterozygous
c. dominant (*)
d. recessive
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37. A ___ gene will have its effects only when it is paired with a similar gene on the other
chromosome.
a. recessive (*)
b. dominant
c. polygenic
d. heterozygous
38. An example of an X-linked trait is:
a. Hand clasping
b. Blood type
c. Red-green color-blindness (*)
d. Huntington’s disease
39. Different versions of a gene are called:
a. Nucleotides
b. Alleles (*)
c. Polygenic
d. Chromosomes
40. If a person has different genes for hand clasping preference, they are ___ for that trait.
a. homozygous
b. phenotypic
c. heterozygous (*)
d. polygenic
41. The specific pattern of genes inherited at conception defines an individual’s:
a. Phenotype
b. Genotype (*)
c. Genomic imprint
d. Somatotype
42. The observable characteristics of an individual are referred to as one’s:
a. Genotype
b. Phenotype (*)
c. Genome
d. Meme
43. Most behavioral characteristics and psychological disorders are:
a. Polygenic (*)
b. Recessive
c. Dominant
d. X-linked
44. Which of the following statements is true about the Human Genome Project and the
subsequent ENCODE Project?
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a. The project revealed we have over 100,000 functioning genes.
b. An international version of the project was able to identify what most of the genes
actually do in the body.
c. Only about 3% of our DNA sequence encodes for proteins. (*)
d. It was used to identify the gene for Huntington’s disease.
45. The human characteristic that has been most investigated for its genetic basis is:
a. Criminality
b. Personality
c. Intelligence (*)
d. Creativity
e. Anxiety
46. Which of the following is not true about heritability?
a. It is the percentage of variation in a characteristic that can be attributed to genetic
factors.
b. It is not an absolute measure.
c. It has been estimated at 60–90% for intelligence. (*)
d. The heritability for intelligence has been overestimated in adoption studies.
47. Adoption studies of intelligence suggest that:
a. Genetics is the sole determinant of intelligence.
b. Family environment more strongly determines intelligence than genetics.
c. Both genetics and environment contribute to intelligence. (*)
d. Methods exist to assess the relative contributions of genetics and experience on
intelligence.
48. Which of the following techniques is used by scientists to determine the relative
influence of genetics and experience on behavioral traits?
a. Gene mapping
b. Adoption studies (*)
c. Chromosomal analysis
d. All of the above
49. Twin studies have shown that:
a. Concordance rates for medical disorders are higher than for psychological
disorders.
b. There is a strong case for a genetic basis if the identical twin concordance rate is
higher than the rate for fraternal twins. (*)
c. There is only weak evidence that autism has a genetic basis.
d. All of the above
50. As far as is known, the only humans who have the same genotype are:
a. Two individuals who look exactly alike
b. Identical twins (*)
c. Fraternal twins
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d. Cousins born on the same day
51. The degree of genetic similarity between identical twins is:
a. Nearly 100%
b. 50%
c. 25%
d. 100% (*)
52. Which statement below is true of the vulnerability model?
a. We inherit dispositions, not destinies.
b. This model has been applied to disorders such as schizophrenia.
c. The model shows how nature and nurture interact to produce a characteristic or
disorder.
d. All of the above (*)
53. We inherit ___but not ___.
a. chromosomes, genes
b. phenotypes, genotypes
c. vulnerabilities, predispositions
d. dispositions, destinies (*)
54. ___ means that genes contribute a predisposition for a disorder that may or may not
exceed the threshold to produce the disorder.
a. Heritability
b. Heritability quotient
c. Concordance rate
d. Vulnerability (*)
55. One parent can produce about ___ different combinations of chromosomes, and the two
together can produce about ___.
a. 8 million, 60 to 70 trillion (*)
b. 100 million, 250 trillion
c. 2 billion, 750 trillion
d. 1 million, 6 trillion
56. The Human Genome study indicates we have about ___ genes.
a. about 100,000
b. between 50,000 to 100,000
c. between 20,000 to 25,000 (*)
d. between 26,000 to 40,000
57. One reason that humans have fewer genes than previously thought is because ___ of the
genome does not encode proteins.
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 90%
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d. 97% (*)
58. The next (or the first) time you stare eye to eye with a chimpanzee, remember to keep this
humbling fact in mind: You and the chimpanzee have ___ identical DNA sequences.
a. 90–95%
b. 99%
c. 95–98% (*)
d. 95%
59. While chimpanzees and humans resemble each other closely in terms of DNA sequences,
we do differ dramatically in measures of genetic ___.
a. genotype
b. regulation
c. expression (*)
d. makeup
60. Rob knew the creationist had his facts way, way wrong; human and chimpanzee DNA are
divergent only in about ___ of the sequences.
a. 1%
b. 2–5% (*)
c. 10%
d. 20%
61. The proposition that heritable characteristics that provide a survival or reproductive
advantage are more likely to be passed on to subsequent generations is known as:
a. Natural selection (*)
b. Genetic advantage
c. Genetic cost
d. Selective advantage
62. Genetic effects are:
a. Constant over one’s life
b. Active at some times, inactive at other times (*)
c. A constant influence if the environment selects for this
d. Active in a fixed sequence
63. ___ is the percentage of the variation in a given characteristic that can be attributed to
genetics.
a. Inheritance
b. Genetic quotient
c. Heritability (*)
d. Genetic weight
64. Heritability estimates range from about ___ for personality to about ___ for height.
a. 0%, 100%
b. 10%, 60–70%
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c. 40–50%, 90% (*)
d. 50%, 90%
65. An individual does not inherit schizophrenia but instead inherits a ___ for becoming
schizophrenic.
a. vulnerability (*)
b. heritability
c. destiny
d. genetic weight
66. The fertilized egg is called a:
a. Embryo
b. Zygote (*)
c. Fetus
d. Cyst
67. Through their experiments, Fritsch and Hitzig showed that:
a. The muscle in a frog’s leg can be made to move by stimulating the nerve
connected to it, even if the muscle had been removed from the body. (*)
b. The rate of nerve conduction is about 90 feet per second.
c. The left hemisphere controls speech.
d. Sensation is the result of electrical activity in the brain.
68. A woman is involved in a car crash, and as a result cannot speak at all for several days.
Surprisingly, she can still hear and understand what her doctor is saying perfectly fine. If
her doctor ordered a CAT scan of her brain (a form of x-ray), where might the doctor see
damage/swelling?
a. In her pineal gland
b. In her right parietal lobe
c. In her left frontal lobe (*)
d. In both sides of her motor cortex
69. Female humans have:
a. Two X chromosomes (*)
b. Two Y chromosomes
c. One X and one Y chromosome
d. One X chromosome
70. A trait is polygenic if it is influenced:
a. By a gene on the X chromosome
b. By a gene on the Y chromosome
c. By more than one gene (*)
d. Only by a single gene
71. Heritabilities are, on average, higher for ___ than for ___.
a. behavioral disorders, medical disorders (*)
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b. medical disorders, behavioral disorders
c. psychological disorders, behavioral disorders
d. mental characteristics, psychological disorders
72. Which of the following is not true of gene activity?
a. Once a gene becomes inactive, it remains inactive. (*)
b. Genes may fluctuate in the amount of protein they code for at different times.
c. A gene may become active at only a certain time of the life cycle.
d. The activity of a gene may be influenced by environmental events.
73. Which of the following traits has the highest degree of heritability?
a. Intelligence
b. Schizophrenia
c. Height (*)
d. Alzheimer’s disease
74. According to the author of your textbook, the mind ___ and is now ___.
a. ceased being a model, a label for complex mental actions
b. ceased being an explanation, a phenomenon requiring an explanation itself (*)
c. is not an explanation, just a description
d. is no longer a phenomenon requiring explanation, an explanation
75. About how many genes are different between any two unrelated individuals?
a. One half percent (*)
b. 1%
c. 10%
d. 20%
76. About ___ of our DNA does not encode ___.
a. 99%, RNA
b. 97%, RNA
c. 97%, proteins (*)
d. 90%, regulatory proteins
77. The number of genes an organism has ___ correlated with the organism’s complexity;
humans have just a few more than a ___.
a. is, chimpanzee
b. is not, mouse
c. is not, roundworm (*)
d. is, Neanderthal
78. An organism’s complexity ___ with the number of its genes; it ___ with the amount of
junk DNA.
a. is correlated, is not correlated
b. is not correlated, is correlated (*)
c. is correlated, has no relation
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d. None of the above
79. Some of our non-coding DNA controls ___.
a. mutation rate
b. gene expression (*)
c. our junk DNA
d. RNA expression
80. The gene that causes Huntington’s disease:
a. Is located on chromosome 4 (*)
b. Was identified in 1970
c. Will most likely be identified when the Human Genome Project is complete
d. None of the above
81. As of 2004, Human Genome Project researchers had mapped the genome to a point of
being 99% completed, and the number of gaps in the human genome had decreased from
___ to ___.
a. 25,000, 20,000
b. 150,000, 25,000
c. 25,000, 341
d. 150,000, 341 (*)
Essay
82. Describe the contributions of key players in neuroscience, such as Galvani, Fritch and
Hitzig, and Helmholtz.
83. What is the mind-brain problem? Discuss it in terms of both materialistic monism and
dualism.
84. Discuss the role of models in guiding research, with Descartes as an example.
85. What is localization? List and discuss discoveries that led to this line of thinking in prior
centuries.
86. How can nature be sorted out from nurture?
87. Distinguish between the terms dominance and recessiveness and between heterozygous
and homozygous, using the trait of hand clasping preference.
88. What is meant by the statement “heritability is not an absolute measure”?
89. What is meant by the term genetic predisposition?
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True/False
90. Neuroscience belongs to the larger field of biopsychology.
Ans: False
91. The term behavior is reserved for overt actions.
Ans: False
92. Psychology came into existence as a distinct discipline in 1879, when Wundt established
the first psychology laboratory.
Ans: True
93. Materialistic monism is the belief that the mind is a phenomenon produced by the
workings of the nervous system.
Ans: True
94. Biological psychologists believe there is little hope that the mind-body question will ever
be solved.
Ans: False
95. Descartes concluded the mind and body interacted in the pituitary gland.
Ans: False
96. Descartes argued that the inflation of a muscle by a fluid caused movement.
Ans: True
97. Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig used electrical stimulation of the brain to produce
movement.
Ans: True
98. Paul Broca identified a region of the brain that he thought was necessary for vision.
Ans: False
99. Luigi Galvani identified a region of the brain that he thought was necessary for hearing.
Ans: False
100. Hermann Helmholtz was the first to accurately measure the speed of conduction
in nerves.
Ans: True
101. According to the work done by Helmholtz, the speed of neural conduction is
about the same as electricity.
Ans: False
102. Empiricism is the view that information can be obtained by reasoning alone.
Ans: False
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103. Genes have been unequivocally shown to cause behavior.
Ans: False
104. The Y chromosome has fewer genes on it than the X chromosome.
Ans: True
105. Over 99% of the genes in any two individuals, related or unrelated, are identical.
Ans: True
106. Of the psychological characteristics examined for their genetic basis, probably the
most studied has been personality.
Ans: False
107. Identical twins can be either monozygotic or dizygotic.
Ans: False
108. The gene for Huntington’s disease is located on chromosome 4.
Ans: True
109. Humans have far fewer genes than originally thought.
Ans: True
110. The fact that parent and offspring may differ is irrelevant for natural selection.
Ans: False
111. Heritability is the percentage of variation in a given characteristic that can be
attributed to genetics.
Ans: True
112. Psychologists no longer find it useful to talk about nature versus nurture.
Ans: True
113. Heritability for schizophrenia ranges from 60–90%.
Ans: True
114. Concordance rates from twin studies are higher for medical disorders than
psychological disorders.
Ans: False
115. Adoption studies have tended to overestimate the heritability of intelligence.
Ans: True
Chapter 2
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Multiple Choice
1. ___ are one of the cell types composing the nervous system.
A) Soma
B) Neurons (*)
C) Mitochondria
D) Myelin
2. William, a philosophy major, asked Ian the psychology major what type of cell contributes
the most to Ian’s “being” who he is. Without hesitation, Ian replied:
A) Nerves
B) Brain cells
C) Neurons (*)
D) Somatic cells
3. Cells that convey environmental information; carry out the functions underlying thought,
emotion, and movements; and transmit commands out to the body’s organs and muscles are
called:
A) Neurons (*)
B) Dendrites
C) Supporting cells
D) Phagocytes
4. ___ neurons control movements and actions of organs.
A) Phasic
B) Inter-
C) Motor (*)
D) Sensory
5. Neurons make up only about % of the cells in the brain and about of its
volume.
A) 25, one-third
B) 10, one-half (*)
C) 90, three-quarters
D) 33, one-third
6. Ninety percent of the cells in the brain are:
A) Neurons
B) Glial cells (*)
C) Axonic cells
D) Dendritic cells
7. The most important supporting cells of the brain are the:
A) Neurons
B) Glia (*)
C) Neurofilaments
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D) Schwann cells
8. About how many neurons are found in the human brain?
A) 10 million
B) 1 billion
C) 100 billion (*)
D) 10 trillion
9. ___ have a branched structure and receive stimulation from other neurons.
A) Dendrites (*)
B) Axons
C) Glial cells
D) Soma
10. The dendrites of a neuron:
A) Transmit information to the cell body (*)
B) Provide the life processes of the cell
C) Transmit neural impulses to the terminal buttons
D) Release neurotransmitters
11. The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus is called the:
A) Axon
B) Soma (*)
C) Dendrite
D) Mitochondrion
12. The largest part of a neuron is the:
A) Soma (*)
B) Axon
C) Terminal
D) Dendritic process
13. The soma of a neuron contains the:
A) Glial material
B) Neurotransporters
C) Neural receptors
D) Nucleus (*)
14. The part of a neuron that transmits information over long distances is the:
A) Soma
B) Axon (*)
C) Dendrite
D) Synapse
15. Axons in a human can be anywhere from ___ to more than ___ in length.
A) 3 centimeters, 1 meter
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B) 1 meter, 2 meters
C) 1 millimeter, 50 meters
D) 0.1 millimeter, 1 meter (*)
16. ___ can be long enough to provide a direct connection between the spinal cord and the toes
of a giraffe.
A) Interneurons
B) Projection neurons
C) Axons (*)
D) Dendrites
17. The axon of a neuron:
A) Ends in swellings known as terminals (*)
B) Controls the life processes of the cell
C) Insulates the brain’s electrical signals
D) Contains the cell’s nucleus
18. The connection point between two neurons is called the:
A) Terminal
B) Axon
C) Soma
D) Synapse (*)
19. If you could surgically remove a single neuron from the brain and place it on a slide, what
structure(s) would you have to destroy?
A) Soma
B) Axon
C) Synapses (*)
D) Dendrites
20. Sensory neurons:
A) Control muscles and produce movement
B) Send messages away from the brain toward the periphery
C) Gather information from the environment and convey it into the central nervous
system (*)
D) Have cell bodies covered with myelin
21. In motor neurons, the axon and the dendrites branch out from the soma in many directions,
giving this type of neuron the designation of a ___ neuron.
A) multi-fibered motor
B) unipolar
C) bipolar
D) multipolar (*)
22. A ___ neuron gives rise to an axon and to the dendritic processes from opposite ends of the
soma.
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A) motor
B) unipolar
C) bipolar (*)
D) multipolar
23. A ___ neuron’s soma gives rise to a short stalk that divides into two branches.
A) unifibered
B) unipolar (*)
C) bipolar
D) multipolar
24. Motor neurons are typically ___ while sensory neurons are typically either ___ or ___
neurons.
A) unipolar; multipolar, bipolar
B) multipolar; unipolar, bipolar (*)
C) bipolar; unipolar, bipolar
D) bipolar; multipolar, unipolar
25. A(n) ___ would be found bridging between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron in the
spinal cord.
A) glial neuron
B) projection
C) interneuron (*)
D) multipolar
26. Many business deals involve a “middle man” who communicates between buyer and seller.
The “middle man” between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron is a(n):
A) Synapse
B) Projection neuron
C) Glial cell
D) Interneuron (*)
27. The most common type of neuron in the brain is the ___.
A) motor neuron
B) unipolar neuron
C) interneuron (*)
D) multipolar neuron
28. The cell membrane of a neuron is a double layer made up of:
A) Protein and connective tissue
B) Protein and lipid (fat) (*)
C) Lipid (fat) and connective tissue
D) Intracellular material and extracellular material
29. Which of the statements about cell membranes is not correct?
A) They contain specialized protein channels
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B) They are made of two layers of lipids
C) Many millennia ago they were free-living single-celled organisms (*)
D) They define cell boundaries
30. The lipids that compose the cell membrane are arranged with “heads” and “tails” such that:
A) The “heads” are in contact with extracellular and intracellular fluid and the “tails”
oriented away from these fluids (*)
B) The “tails” are in contact with extracellular and intracellular fluid and the “heads”
oriented away from these fluids
C) Half of all “heads” and “tails” are in contact with extracellular fluid
D) Both “heads” and “tails” are in contact with intracellular fluid
31. The seawater-like solution inside neurons and bathing their outside are known respectively
as:
A) Extracellular and intracellular fluid
B) Intracellular and extracellular fluid (*)
C) Cellular and extracellular fluid
D) Intramembrane and extramembrane fluid
32. The fact that the cell membrane is highly permeable to some substances and much less so to
other substances is one variable underlying the cell being ___.
A) potentialized
B) polarized (*)
C) hyperpolarized
D) viable
33. One function of the specialized protein channels in a cell membrane is to:
A) Selectively allow substances to enter or leave the cell (*)
B) Provide oxygen and nutrients for the cell
C) Package neurotransmitters
D) Form an impermeable barrier to all substances foreign to the cell
34. When it is said that the cell membrane has a difference in electrical charge between its inside
and the outside, this means the membrane is:
A) Potentialized
B) Polarized (*)
C) Hyperpolarized
D) Viable
35. When a neuron is at rest, the inside of the neuron:
A) Is negatively charged with respect to the outside (*)
B) Is positively charged with respect to the outside
C) Is not charged
D) Converts potential energy into chemical energy
36. The ___ is the difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of an inactive
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neuron.
A) action potential
B) resting potential (*)
C) threshold of excitation
D) reaction potential
37. The resting membrane potential is:
A) A function of anions concentrated inside the cell
B) Positive inside with respect to outside
C) The result of a freely permeable membrane
D) The difference in electrical charge inside and outside the inactive neuron (*)
38. ___ are charged atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons.
A) Ions (*)
B) Polarizations
C) Electrolytes
D) Positrons
39. Sodium ions are most concentrated in the ___ fluid.
A) intracellular
B) extracellular (*)
C) intracellular and extracellular
D) polarized
40. Potassium ions are most concentrated in the ___ fluid.
A) intracellular (*)
B) extracellular
C) intracellular and extracellular
D) non-polarized
41. Chloride ions and anions are most concentrated in the:
A) Intracellular fluid
B) Extracellular fluid
C) Extracellular and intracellular fluid, respectively (*)
D) Depolarized fluid
42. The condition in which ions of a similar charge repel each other and thus spread evenly
through a solution is called:
A) Electrostatic pressure (*)
B) The resting potential
C) Repulsion
D) The rate of diffusion
43. The force by which high concentrations of ions disperse away from each other and thus
spread evenly through a solution is called:
A) Electrostatic pressure
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