Description

5 Steps to a 5: AP Biology 2017 (McGraw-Hill 5 Steps to A 5)

CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction: The Five-Step Program xvii
The Four “Big Ideas” of AP Biology xxi
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP Biology Exam 3
Background of the Advanced Placement Program 3
Who Writes the AP Biology Exam 4
The AP Grades and Who Receives Them 4
Reasons for Taking the AP Biology Exam 4
Questions Frequently Asked About the AP Biology Exam 5
2 How to Plan Your Time 8
Three Approaches to Preparing for the AP Biology Exam 8
Calendar for Each Plan 10
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness
3 Take a Diagnostic Exam 15
Diagnostic/Master Exam: AP Biology 19
Answers and Explanations 26
Scoring and Interpretation 29
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success
4 How to Approach Each Question Type 33
Multiple-Choice Questions 34
Free-Response Questions 34
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
5 Chemistry 39
Introduction 39
Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions 39
Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins 41
Enzymes 45
pH: Acids and Bases 47
Reactions 47
Review Questions 48
Answers and Explanations 49
Rapid Review 50
6 Cells 51
Introduction 51
Types of Cells 52
Organelles 52
Cell Membranes: Fluid Mosaic Model 54
Types of Cell Transport 55
Review Questions 56
Answers and Explanations 58
Rapid Review 59
7 Respiration 61
Introduction 61
Aerobic Respiration 62
Anaerobic Respiration 68
Review Questions 70
Answers and Explanations 71
Rapid Review 72
8 Photosynthesis 73
Introduction 73
The Players in Photosynthesis 74
The Reactions of Photosynthesis 75
Types of Photosynthesis 80
Review Questions 82
Answers and Explanations 83
Rapid Review 84
9 Cell Division 86
Introduction 86
Cell Division in Prokaryotes 87
The Cell Cycle 87
Mitosis 88
Control of Cell Division 89
Haploid Versus Diploid Organisms 90
Meiosis 90
Life Cycles 93
Sources of Cell Variation 94
Review Questions 95
Answers and Explanations 96
Rapid Review 96
10 Heredity 98
Introduction 98
Terms Important in Studying Heredity 99
Mendel and His Peas 100
Intermediate Inheritance 101
Other Forms of Inheritance 102
Sex Determination and Sex Linkage 104
Linkage and Gene Mapping 105
Heads or Tails? 106
Pedigrees 106
Common Disorders 108
Chromosomal Complications 109
Review Questions 110
Answers and Explanations 113
Rapid Review 115
viii  Contents
11 Molecular Genetics 117
Introduction 117
DNA Structure and Function 118
RNA Structure and Function 119
Replication of DNA 119
Transcription of DNA 121
RNA Processing 122
Translation of RNA 123
Gene Expression 125
The Genetics of Viruses 126
The Genetics of Bacteria 127
Genetic Engineering 128
Review Questions 130
Answers and Explanations 132
Rapid Review 133
12 Evolution 136
Introduction 137
Definition of Evolution 137
Natural Selection 138
Lamarck and Darwin 139
Adaptations 140
Types of Selection 140
Evolution Patterns 142
Sources of Variation 142
Speciation 143
When Evolution Is Not Occurring: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 144
The Evidence for Evolution 145
Macroevolution 146
How Life Probably Emerged 147
Review Questions 149
Answers and Explanations 150
Rapid Review 151
13 Taxonomy and Classification 153
Introduction 153
Five or Six Kingdoms? 154
Kingdom Monera 154
Endosymbiotic Theory 155
Kingdom Protista 156
Kingdom Plantae 158
Kingdom Fungi 160
Kingdom Animalia 161
Review Questions 164
Answers and Explanations 165
Rapid Review 165
14 Plants 167
Introduction 167
Anatomy of Plants 168
Roots 168
The Shoot System 169
Contents  ix
x  Contents
Plant Hormones 170
Plant Tropisms 171
Photoperiodism 172
Go with the Flow: Osmosis, Capillary Action, Cohesion-Tension Theory,
and Transpiration 172
The Changing of the Guard: Regulating Stomata Activity 173
“Move Over, Sugar”: Carbohydrate Transport Through Phloem 173
Review Questions 174
Answers and Explanations 175
Rapid Review 175
15 Human Physiology 177
Introduction 177
Circulatory System 178
Respiratory System 179
Digestive System 181
Control of the Internal Environment 182
Nervous System 185
Muscular System 188
Endocrine System 190
Immune System 192
Review Questions 195
Answers and Explanations 196
Rapid Review 197
16 Human Reproduction 200
Introduction 200
Sex Differences 201
Anatomy 201
Embryonic Development 205
The Influence of Hormones 208
Review Questions 209
Answers and Explanations 210
Rapid Review 211
17 Behavioral Ecology and Ethology 213
Introduction 213
Types of Animal Learning 214
Animal Movement 215
Animal Communication 217
Review Questions 218
Answers and Explanations 219
Rapid Review 219
18 Ecology in Further Detail 221
Introduction 221
Population Ecology and Growth 222
Life History Strategies 225
Community and Succession 226
Trophic Levels 228
Biomes 230
Biogeochemical Cycles 231
Review Questions 232
Answers and Explanations 234
Rapid Review 235
19 Laboratory Review 237
Introduction 237
Investigation 1: Artificial Selection 238
Investigation 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg 238
Investigation 3: Comparing DNA Sequences to Understand Evolutionary
Relationships with BLAST 240
Investigation 4: Diffusion and Osmosis 241
Investigation 5: Photosynthesis 243
Investigation 6: Cellular Respiration 244
Investigation 7: Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis 245
Investigation 8: Biotechnology: Bacterial Transformation 248
Investigation 9: Biotechnology: Restriction Enzyme Analysis of DNA 249
Investigation 10: Energy Dynamics 250
Investigation 11: Transpiration 251
Investigation 12: Fruit Fly Behavior 252
Investigation 13: Enzyme Activity 253
Review Questions 255
Answers and Explanations 256
Rapid Review 257
STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
AP Biology Practice Exam 1 265
AP Biology Practice Exam 2 289
Bibliography 311
Websites 313
Glossary 315
Contents  xi